Research suggests bacteria may be present in the human GI tract before birth. But coherent experimental approaches are needed to determine whether bacteria actually colonize pre-birth.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is allowing microbiologists to see diversity with unprecedented resolution and re-defining bacterial taxonomy and species definitions.

Microbiome research is discussed in individual terms, but individuals are shaped by the society they live in. To improve health outcomes, these societies should be included in research.