Prevention

Find the latest research associated with preventative efforts to reduce the disease burden of COVID-19.

1. Virus Inactivation
2. Passive and Induced Immunity
3. Vaccine Design and Development

January 2021

• Articles to be updated shortly.

October 2020

• Survival of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus on the human skin: Importance of hand hygiene in COVID-19.

September 2020

• Analysis of Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Specimen Transport Media, Nucleic Acid Extraction Reagents, Detergents, and Fixatives.

August 2020

• Inactivation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 by specimen transport media, nucleic acid extraction reagents, detergents and fixatives.

July 2020

• Rapid isolation and profiling of a diverse panel of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
• Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses.

June 2020

• Airborne SARS-CoV-2 is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight.
• Evaluation of Chemical Protocols for Inactivating SARS-CoV-2 Infectious Samples.
• Influence of Different Inactivation Methods on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Copy Number​.

May 2020

• Potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in an animal model by a human monoclonal antibody.
• Identification of Human Single-Domain Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
• Effective Heat Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.
• Effectiveness of Ultraviolet-C Light and a High-Level Disinfection Cabinet for Decontamination of N95 Respirators.

April 2020

• Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1.

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January 2021

• *NEW SARS-CoV-2 induces a durable and antigen specific humoral immunity after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 infection.
• *NEW Evidence and implications of pre-existing humoral cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
• *NEW Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
• Decay of Fc-dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID-19.
• Persistent Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

December 2020

• Older adults lack SARS CoV-2 cross-reactive T lymphocytes directed to human coronaviruses OC43 and NL63.
• Lack of antibodies against seasonal coronavirus OC43 nucleocapsid protein identifies patients at risk of critical COVID-19.
• Shared B cell memory to coronaviruses and other pathogens varies in human age groups and tissues.
• Absence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity in pre-pandemic sera from individuals with recent seasonal coronavirus infection.
• Kinetics and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children.
• BCG vaccine derived peptides induce SARS-CoV-2 T cell cross-reactivity.
• Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection.
• Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients.
• Serological follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic subjects.
• Rapid and lasting generation of B-cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 disease and convalescence.

November 2020

• BCG vaccination history associates with decreased SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence across a diverse cohort of healthcare workers.
• Asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit polyfunctional antibodies.
• Sex differences in the decline of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
• Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in three children of parents with symptomatic COVID-19.
• Daily Viral Kinetics and Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Assessment in COVID-19: a Case Series.
• SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is long-lasting in the majority of convalsecent COVID-19 individuals.
• Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for greater than six months after infection.
• Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 specific B- and T-cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients 6-8 months after the infection.
• Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
• Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection.
• Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection.
• Role of IgM and IgA Antibodies in the Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2.
• Quick COVID-19 Healers Sustain Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Production.
• *Research Tool Longitudinal analysis of serology and neutralizing antibody levels in COVID19 convalescents.
• Rapid, simplified whole blood-based multiparameter assay to quantify and phenotype SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells.
• Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
• *Research Tool Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19.
• Immunological imprint of COVID-19 on human peripheral blood leukocyte populations.
• Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection.
• Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months.
• *Research Tool Unbiased Screens Show CD8+ T Cells of COVID-19 Patients Recognize Shared Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 that Largely Reside outside the Spike Protein.
• CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals target epitopes from the entireSARS-CoV-2 proteome and show kinetics of early differentiation.
• Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to six months post disease onset.
• Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.

October 2020

• *Research Tool SARS-CoV-2 genome-wide mapping of CD8 T cell recognition reveals strong immunodominance and substantial CD8 T cell activation in COVID-19 patients.
• Antibody Immunological Imprinting on COVID-19 Patients.
• SARS-CoV-2-specific peripheral T follicular helper cells correlate with neutralizing antibodies and increase during convalescence.
• The effect of influenza vaccination on trained immunity: impact on COVID-19.
• Dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition.
• Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity.
• Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients.
• Severe COVID-19 patients display a back boost of seasonal coronavirus-specific antibodies.
• Human B Cell Clonal Expansion and Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2.
• Recovered COVID-19 patients with recurrent viral RNA exhibit lower levels of anti-RBD antibodies.
• A Case of Early Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2.
• Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients.
• Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
• Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less severe COVID-19.
• *Research Tool Distinct B cell subsets give rise to antigen-specific antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2.
• Healthy donor T-cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2.
• Cross-reactive serum and memory B cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection.
• Dynamic Change of COVID-19 Seroprevalence among Asymptomatic Population in Tokyo during the Second Wave.
• Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19.
• S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit.

September 2020

• Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell response associated with the prominent HLA-A*02:01 phenotype.
• Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting.
• High levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells with restricted functionality in severe course of COVID-19.
• Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization by Secretory IgA in vitro.
• Impaired Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cell Response in Elderly COVID-19 Patients.
• Microfluidic Affinity Profiling reveals a Broad Range of Target Affinities for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Plasma of Covid Survivors.
• Decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM and IgA in convalescent COVID-19 patients within 100 days after hospital discharge.
• Ex vivo detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells: rapid induction, prolonged contraction, and formation of functional memory.
• Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19.
• COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing.
• Strong homology between SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein and a Mycobacterium sp. antigen allows rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterial infections and may provide specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity via the BCG vaccine.

August 2020

• Neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection from SARS-CoV-2 in humans during a fishery vessel outbreak with high attack rate.
• An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.
• BCG vaccine protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

July 2020

• Intrafamilial Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Induces Cellular Immune Response without Seroconversion.

June 2020

• Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients.

May 2020

• Can post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 be considered as one of outbreak response strategies in long-term care hospitals?

April 2020

• SARS-CoV-2: Is it the newest spark in the TORCH?

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January 2021

• *NEW A first-in-human evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of SCB-2019, an adjuvanted, recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit vaccine for COVID-19 in healthy adults; a phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
• *NEW Nanoparticle Vaccines Based on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and Heptad Repeat (HR) of SARS-CoV-2 Elicit Robust Protective Immune Responses.
• *NEW SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Foster Potent Antigen-Specific Germinal Center Responses Associated with Neutralizing Antibody Generation.
• *NEW Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.
• *NEW Phase 1/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional antibody responses.
• *NEW T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial.
• *NEW A recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine elicits high-titer neutralizing antibodies in macaques.
• *NEW Safety and immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of an open-label, Phase 1 clinical trial.
• *NEW Immunogenicity of an AAV-based, room-temperature stable, single dose COVID-19 vaccine in mice and non-human primates.
• Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

December 2020

• BNT162b vaccines are immunogenic and protect non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2.
• BNT162b2 induces SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies and T cells in humans.
• Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.
• Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination.
• Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as a live virus vaccine candidate.
• *Research Tool Identification and validation of 174 COVID-19 vaccine candidate epitopes reveals low performance of common epitope prediction tools.
• Development of a multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate using a synthetic poxvirus platform.
• A highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based Th1-biased COVID-19 vaccine.
• Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycosylation reveals shedding of a vaccine candidate.
• Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial.
• Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial.

November 2020

• Two-component spike nanoparticle vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Phase 1 trial of a Candidate Recombinant Virus-Like Particle Vaccine for Covid-19 Disease Produced in Plants.
• Th1 Dominant Nucleocapsid and Spike Antigen-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ Memory T Cell Recall Induced by hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD Infection of Autologous Dendritic Cells from Patients Previously Infected with SARS-CoV-2.
• Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response.
• Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
• Phase 1 Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA- Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Volunteers.
• Identification of a dominant CD8+ CTL epitope in the SARS-associated coronavirus 2 spike protein.
• Randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled phase II trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults.
• Protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine in wild-type and immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters.
• Rapid development of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-conjugated nanoparticle vaccine candidate.
• A booster dose enhances immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in aged mice.
• *Research Tool Sterilizing Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice by a Single-Shot and Modified Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Agonist-Adjuvanted Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine.
• Structural analysis of full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from an advanced vaccine candidate.
• Rabies virus-based COVID-19 vaccine CORAVAX™ induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.

October 2020

• Single-dose intranasal administration of AdCOVID elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice.
• Soluble Spike DNA vaccine provides long-term protective immunity against SAR-CoV-2 in mice and nonhuman primates.
• Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial.
• Dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
• *Research Tool SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition.
• *Research Tool Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity.
• Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients.
• Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with differing severities of coronavirus disease 2019.
• *Research Tool SARS-CoV-2 infected cells present HLA-I peptides from canonical and out-of-frame ORFs.
• Safe and effective two-in-one replicon-and-VLP minispike vaccine for COVID-19.
• COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH 1 T-cell responses.
• An in-depth investigation of the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
• Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate: interim results of a phase 1/2a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
• Genome-Wide Asymptomatic B-Cell, CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Epitopes, that are Highly Conserved Between Human and Animal Coronaviruses, Identified from SARS-CoV-2 as Immune Targets for Pre-Emptive Pan-Coronavirus Vaccines.
• Prime-boost vaccination of mice and Rhesus macaques with two novel adenovirus vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
• Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults.
• Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia.
• A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2.
• Introduction of two prolines and removal of the polybasic cleavage site leads to optimal efficacy of a recombinant spike based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the mouse model.

September 2020

• A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants.
• Newly Emerging Human Coronaviruses: Animal Models and Vaccine Research for SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
• A new generation of vaccines based on alphavirus self-amplifying RNA.
• A single immunization with spike-functionalized ferritin vaccines elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice.
• Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine.
• Prime-boost protein subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are highly immunogenic in mice and macaques.
• A cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction.
• Elicitation of potent neutralizing antibody responses by designed protein nanoparticle vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
• Attenuated influenza virions expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain induce neutralizing antibodies in mice.
• Epitopes targeted by T cells in convalescent COVID-19 patients.
• A single immunization with spike-functionalized ferritin vaccines elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice.
• Characterization of cells susceptible to SARS-COV-2 and methods for detection of neutralizing antibody by focus forming assay.
• RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study.

August 2020

• Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vector Protects against SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Pathogenesis in Mice.
• A COVID-19 mRNA vaccine encoding SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles induces a strong antiviral-like immune response in mice.
• Computationally Optimized SARS-CoV-2 MHC Class I and II Vaccine Formulations Predicted to Target Human Haplotype Distributions.
• Tissue-resident memory CD8 T-cell responses elicited by a single injection of a multi-target COVID-19 vaccine.
• Evaluation of the immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination with the replication-deficient viral vectored COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.
• Phase 1/2 study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults.
• Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials.
• A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19.
• A single intranasal dose of chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine confers sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• SARS-CoV-2 Consensus-Sequence and Matching Overlapping Peptides Design for COVID19 Immune Studies and Vaccine Development.
• A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored spike as a cost-effective inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
• Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach.
• Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2.
• Rapid generation of circulating and mucosal decoy ACE2 using mRNA nanotherapeutics for the potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
• CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant potentiates robust immune responses to recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 immunisation.
• Adopting STING agonist cyclic dinucleotides as a potential adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
• D614G Spike Mutation Increases SARS CoV-2 Susceptibility to Neutralization.
• Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.
• Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes: In Silico Study Towards Better Understanding of COVID-19 Disease-Paving the Way for Vaccine Development.
• Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates.
• A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity.
• Neutralizing Antibody and Soluble ACE2 Inhibition of a Replication-Competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a Clinical Isolate of SARS-CoV-2.
• SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses.
• SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness.
• Single-dose intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
• Intradermal-delivered DNA vaccine provides anamnestic protection in a rhesus macaque SARS-CoV-2 challenge model.
• Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques.
• ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques.
• Lack of antibody-mediated cross-protection between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections.
• Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as vaccine candidate.
• Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

July 2020

• An alphavirus-derived replicon RNA vaccine induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates.
• A Versatile Platform to Incorporate Viral Trimeric Antigens into Self-Assembling Nanoparticle Immunogens.
• Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector protects against SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenesis.
• Concurrent human antibody andTH1 type T-cell responses elicited by a COVID-19 RNA vaccine.
• Current status of COVID-19 (pre)clinical vaccine development.
• An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report.
• A Targeted Vaccine against COVID-19: S1-Fc Vaccine Targeting the Antigen-Presenting Cell Compartment Elicits Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
• SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness.
• Vaccination against coronaviruses in domestic animals.

June 2020

• COVIDep: a web-based platform for real-time reporting of vaccine target recommendations for SARS-CoV-2.
• Nanotechnology for COVID-19: Therapeutics and Vaccine Research.
• Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?
• COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Time to Consider SARS-CoV-2 Challenge Studies?
• Immunoinformatics and Structural Analysis for Identification of Immunodominant Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 as Potential Vaccine Targets.
• Vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2.
• Antibody signature induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogens in rabbits.
• Two linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that elicit neutralising antibodies in COVID-19 patients.

May 2020

• Adverse Consequences of Rushing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Implications for Public Trust.
• Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
• BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?
• COVID-19 Clinical Trial Oversight at a Major Academic Medical Center: Approach of the Michigan Medicine COVID-19 Clinical Trial Committees.

April 2020

• The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide.
• Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine induces equivalent preclinical antibody titers and viral neutralization to recovered COVID-19 patients.
• A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides broad protective immunity against a variety of MERS-CoV strains.
• Early death after feline infectious peritonitis virus challenge due to recombinant vaccinia virus immunization.
• A double-inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine provides incomplete protection in mice and induces increased eosinophilic proinflammatory pulmonary response upon challenge.
• Vaccines For COVID-19: Perspectives, Prospects, And Challenges Based On Candidate Sars, Mers, And Animal Coronavirus Vaccines.
• The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline: An Overview.
• SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report.

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